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Skew Binary

When a number is expressed in decimal, the k-th digit represents a multiple of 10^k. (Digits are numbered from right to left, where the least significant digit is number 0.) For example,

$egin{displaymath}81307_{10}$

When a number is expressed in binary, the k-th digit represents a multiple of 2^k. For example,

$egin{displaymath}10011_2$

In skew binary, the k-th digit represents a multiple of 2^k+1 - 1. The only possible digits are 0 and 1, except that the least-significant nonzero digit can be a 2. For example,

$egin{displaymath}10120_{skew}$

The first 10 numbers in skew binary are 0, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 20, 100, 101, and 102. (Skew binary is useful in some applications because it is possible to add 1 with at most one carry. However, this has nothing to do with the current problem.)

Input

The input file contains one or more lines, each of which contains an integer n. If n = 0 it signals the end of the input, and otherwise n is a nonnegative integer in skew binary.

Output

For each number, output the decimal equivalent. The decimal value of n will be at most 2 ³¹ - 1 = 2147483647.

Sample Input

10120
200000000000000000000000000000
10
1000000000000000000000000000000
11
100
11111000001110000101101102000
0

Sample Output

Miguel A. Revilla
1998-03-10

Source

Root :: Competitive Programming 2: This increases the lower bound of Programming Contests. Again (Steven & Felix Halim) :: Mathematics :: Ad Hoc Mathematics Problems :: Base Number Variants
Root :: AOAPC I: Beginning Algorithm Contests (Rujia Liu) :: Volume 1. Elementary Problem Solving :: Maths - Number Theory
Root :: Competitive Programming 3: The New Lower Bound of Programming Contests (Steven & Felix Halim) :: Mathematics :: Ad Hoc Mathematics Problems :: Base Number Variants

AC代码：

#include 
  
   
#include 
   
     #include 
    
      #include 
     
       #define LL long long using namespace std; int main() { char a[40]; while(scanf(%s, a)!=EOF) { if(strlen(a)==1 && a[0] == '0')break; int len = strlen(a); LL bei=2, ans = 0; for(int i=len-1; i>=0; i--) { ans += ( (bei-1) * (a[i]-'0') ); bei*=2; } printf(%lld , ans); } return 0; }

UVA - 575 - Skew Binary （简单数论！）

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Input

Output

Sample Input

Sample Output