textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textview);
SpannableStringBuilder builder = new SpannableStringBuilder(textView.getText().toString());

//ForegroundColorSpan 为文字前景色，BackgroundColorSpan为文字背景色
ForegroundColorSpan redSpan = new ForegroundColorSpan(Color.RED);
ForegroundColorSpan whiteSpan = new ForegroundColorSpan(Color.WHITE);
ForegroundColorSpan blueSpan = new ForegroundColorSpan(Color.BLUE);
ForegroundColorSpan greenSpan = new ForegroundColorSpan(Color.GREEN);
ForegroundColorSpan yellowSpan = new ForegroundColorSpan(Color.YELLOW);

builder.setSpan(redSpan, 0, 1, Spannable.SPAN_EXCLUSIVE_EXCLUSIVE);
builder.setSpan(whiteSpan, 1, 2, Spannable.SPAN_INCLUSIVE_INCLUSIVE);
builder.setSpan(blueSpan, 2, 3, Spannable.SPAN_EXCLUSIVE_EXCLUSIVE);
builder.setSpan(greenSpan, 3, 4, Spannable.SPAN_EXCLUSIVE_EXCLUSIVE);
builder.setSpan(yellowSpan, 4,5, Spannable.SPAN_EXCLUSIVE_EXCLUSIVE);

textView.setText(builder);