定义多对多关系,使用 ManyToManyFiled。
本例中,文章Article可以在多个出版物Publication上发表,而出版物可以有多个文章对象。
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from django.db import models
class Publication(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=30)
def __str__(self):
return self.title
class Meta:
ordering = ('title',)
class Article(models.Model):
headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
publications = models.ManyToManyField(Publication)
def __str__(self):
return self.headline
class Meta:
ordering = ('headline',)
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下面是使用Python API执行例子的操作。注意,若你为多对多关系使用了中间体模型,有些关系管理器的方法不能使用,因此这些例子中某些在这种模型下不能工作。
创建几个出版物:
>>> p1 = Publication(title='The Python Journal')
>>> p1.save()
>>> p2 = Publication(title='Science News')
>>> p2.save()
>>> p3 = Publication(title='Science wekkly')
创建文章:
>>> a1 = Article(headline='Django lets you build web apps easily')
在保存它以前,不能与一个Publication关联。
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)
...
ValueError: 'Article' instance needs to have a primary key value before a many-to-many relationship can be used.
保存
>>> a1.save()
把Article关联到Publication:
>>> a1.publications.add(p1)
创建另一个Article,设定它在两个Publications中出现:
>>> a2 = Article(headline='NASA uses Python')
>>> a2.save()
>>> a2.publications.add(p1, p2)
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)
第2次添加也是正确的:
>>> a2.publications.add(p3)
添加一个错误类型的对象会产生一个 TypeError:
>>> a2.publictaions.add(a1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'Publication' instance excepted
使用create()一步创建Publications并把它添加到一个文章中:
>>> new_publication = a2.publications.create(title='Highlights for Children')
Article对象可以访问它们关联的Publication对象:
>>> a1.publications.all()
[, ...]
>>> a2.publications.all()
[, , ... ]
Publication 对象可以访问它们关联的Article对象:
>>> p2.article_set.all()
[]
>>> p1.article_set.all()
[, ]
>>> Publication.objects.get(id=4).article_set.all()
[]
可以使用跨关系查询来获得多对多关系查询:
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__id=1)
[, ]
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__pk=1)
[, ]
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=1):
[, ]
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications=p1)
[, ]
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startwith='Science')
[, ]
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startwith='Science').distinct()
[]
count()函数也使用distinct():
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startwith='Science').count()
2
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__title__startwith='Science').distinct().count()
1
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[1,2]).distinct()
[, ]
>>> Article.objects.filter(publications__in=[p1,p2]).distinct()
[, ]
反向m2m查询也被支持(如,从不含ManyToManyField字段的表开始):
>>> Publication.objects.filter(id=1)
[]
>>> Publication.objects.filter(pk=1)
[]
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__headline__startwith='NASA')
[, , ... ]
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__id=1)
[]
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__pk=1)
[]
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=1)
[]
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article=a1)
[]
Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[1,2]).distinct()
[, , ... ]
>>> Publication.objects.filter(article__in=[a1,a2]).distinct()
[, , ... ]
排除一个关联项目会按预期工作(尽管使用的SQL有一点复杂):
>>> Article.objects.exclude(publications=p2)
[]
如果我们删除Publication,它的Article将不能访问它:
>>> p1.delete()
>>> Public