1. LEFT OUTER JOIN：左外关联
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e
LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
等价于
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id(+);
结果为：所有员工及对应部门的记录，包括没有对应部门编号department_id的员工记录。
2. RIGHT OUTER JOIN：右外关联
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
等价于
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id(+)=d.department_id;
结果为：所有员工及对应部门的记录，包括没有任何员工的部门记录。
3. FULL OUTER JOIN：全外关联
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e
FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
结果为：所有员工及对应部门的记录，包括没有对应部门编号department_id的员工记录和没有任何员工的部门记录。
作者“love398146779”