ThreadLocal全面解析

学习目标

• 了解ThreadLocal的介绍
• 掌握ThreadLocal的运用场景
• 了解ThreadLocal的内部结构
• 了解ThreadLocal的核心方法源码
• 了解ThreadLocalMap的源码

1. ThreadLocal介绍

1.1 官方介绍

/**
 * This class provides thread-local variables.  These variables differ from
 * their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
 * {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
 * copy of the variable.  {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
 * static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
 * a user ID or Transaction ID).
 *
 * <p>For example, the class below generates unique identifiers local to each
 * thread.
 * A thread's id is assigned the first time it invokes {@code ThreadId.get()}
 * and remains unchanged on subsequent calls.
 * <pre>
 * import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 *
 * public class ThreadId {
 *     // Atomic integer containing the next thread ID to be assigned
 *     private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(0);
 *
 *     // Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
 *     private static final ThreadLocal&lt;Integer&gt; threadId =
 *         new ThreadLocal&lt;Integer&gt;() {
 *             &#64;Override protected Integer initialValue() {
 *                 return nextId.getAndIncrement();
 *         }
 *     };
 *
 *     // Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
 *     public static int get() {
 *         return threadId.get();
 *     }
 * }
 * </pre>
 * <p>Each thread holds an implicit reference to its copy of a thread-local
 * variable as long as the thread is alive and the {@code ThreadLocal}
 * instance is accessible; after a thread goes away, all of its copies of
 * thread-local instances are subject to garbage collection (unless other
 * references to these copies exist).
 *
 * @author  Josh Bloch and Doug Lea
 * @since   1.2
 */
public class ThreadLocal<T> {
    ...

? 从Java官方文档中的描述：ThreadLocal类用来提供线程内部的局部变量。这种变量在多线程环境下访问（通过get和set方法访问）时能保证各个线程的变量相对独立于其他线程内的变量。ThreadLocal实例通常来说都是private static类型的，用于关联线程和线程上下文。

我们可以得知 ThreadLocal 的作用是：提供线程内的局部变量，不同的线程之间不会相互干扰，这种变量在线程的生命周期内起作用，减少同一个线程内多个函数或组件之间一些公共变量传递的复杂度。

总结:
1. 线程并发: 在多线程并发的场景下
2. 传递数据: 我们可以通过ThreadLocal在同一线程，不同组件中传递公共变量
3. 线程隔离: 每个线程的变量都是独立的，不会相互影响

1.2 基本使用

1.2.1 常用方法

? 在使用之前,我们先来认识几个ThreadLocal的常用方法

方法声明	描述
ThreadLocal()	创建ThreadLocal对象
public void set( T value)	设置当前线程绑定的局部变量
public T get()	获取当前线程绑定的局部变量
public void remove()	移除当前线程绑定的局部变量

1.2.2 使用案例

我们来看下面这个案例	

public class MyDemo {
    private String content;

    private String getContent() {
        return content;
    }

    private void setContent(String content) {
        this.content = content;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyDemo demo = new MyDemo();
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    demo.setContent(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "的数据");
                    System.out.println("-----------------------");
             		System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "--->" + demo.getContent());
                }
            });
            thread.setName("线程" + i);
            thread.start();
        }
    }
}

打印结果:

? 从结果可以看出多个线程在访问同一个变量的时候出现的异常，线程间的数据没有隔离。下面我们来看下采用 ThreadLocal 的方式来解决这个问题的例子。

public class MyDemo {

    private static ThreadLocal<String> tl = new ThreadLocal<>();

    private String content;

    private String getContent() {
        return tl.get();
    }

    priv