>>> help(5)
Help on int object:
(etc etc)
>>> dir(5)
['__abs__', '__add__', ...]
>>> abs.__doc__
'abs(number) -> number
Return the absolute value of the argument.'
>>> myvar = 3
>>> myvar += 2
>>> myvar
5
>>> myvar -= 1
>>> myvar
4
"""This is a multiline comment.
The following lines concatenate the two strings."""
>>> mystring = "Hello"
>>> mystring += " world."
>>> print mystring
Hello world.
# This swaps the variables in one line(!).
# It doesn't violate strong typing because values aren't
# actually being assigned, but new objects are bound to
# the old names.
>>> myvar, mystring = mystring, myvar
>>> mylist = ["List item 1", 2, 3.14]
>>> print mylist[:]
['List item 1', 2, 3.1400000000000001]
>>> print mylist[0:2]
['List item 1', 2]
>>> print mylist[-3:-1]
['List item 1', 2]
>>> print mylist[1:]
[2, 3.14]
# Adding a third parameter, "step" will have Python step in
# N item increments, rather than 1.
# E.g., this will return the first item, then go to the third and
# return that (so, items 0 and 2 in 0-indexing).
>>> print mylist[::2]
['List item 1', 3.14]
字符串
Python中的字符串使用单引号(‘)或是双引号(“)来进行标示,并且你还能够在通过某一种标示的字符串中使用另外一种标示符(例如 “He said ‘hello’.”)。而多行字符串可以通过三个连续的单引号(”’)或是双引号(“””)来进行标示。Python可以通过u”This is a unicode string”这样的语法使用Unicode字符串。如果想通过变量来填充字符串,那么可以使用取模运算符(%)和一个元组。使用方式是在目标字符串中从左至右使用%s来指代变量的位置,或者使用字典来代替,示例如下:
>>>print "Name: %s\
Number: %s\
String: %s" % (myclass.name, 3, 3 * "-")
Name: Poromenos
Number: 3
String: ---
strString = """This is
a multiline
string."""
# WARNING: Watch out for the trailing s in "%(key)s".
>>> print "This %(verb)s a %(noun)s." % {"noun": "test", "verb": "is"}
This is a test.
rangelist = range(10)
>>> print rangelist
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
for number in rangelist:
# Check if number is one of
# the numbers in the tuple.
if number in (3, 4, 7, 9):
# "Break" terminates a for without
# executing the "else" clause.
break
else:
# "Continue" starts the next iteration
# of the loop. It's rather useless here,
# as it's the last statement of the loop.
continue
else:
# The "else" clause is optional and is
# executed only if the loop didn't "break".
pass # Do nothing
if rangelist[1] == 2:
print "The second item (lists are 0-based) is 2"
elif rangelist[1] == 3:
print "The second item (lists are 0-based) is 3"
else:
print "Dunno"
while rangelist[1] == 1:
pass
class MyClass(object):
common = 10
def __init__(self):
self.myvariable = 3
def myfunction(self, arg1, arg2):
return self.myvariable
# This is the class instantiation
>>> classinstance = MyClass()
>>> classinstance.myfunction(1, 2)
3
# This variable is shared by all classes.
>>> classinstance2 = MyClass()
>>> classinstance.common
10
>>> classinstance2.common
10
# Note how we use the class name
# instead of the instance.
>>> MyClass.common = 30
>>> classinstance.common
30
>>> classinstance2.common
30
# This will not update the variable on the class,
# instead it will bind a new object to the old
# variable name.
>>> classinstance.common = 10
>>> classinstance.common
10
>>> classinstance2.common
30
>>> MyClass.common = 50
# This has not changed, because "common" is
# now an instance variable.
>>> classinstance.common
10
>>> classinstance2.common
50
# This class inherits from MyClass. The example
# class above inherits from "object", which makes
# it what's called a "new-style class".
# Multiple inheritance is declared as:
# class OtherClass(MyClass1, MyClass2, MyClassN)
class OtherClass(MyClass):
# The "self" argument is passed automatically
# and refers to the class instance, so you can set
# instance variables as above, but from inside the class.
def __init__(self, arg1):
self.myvariable = 3
print arg1
>>> classinstance = OtherClass("hello")
hello
>>> classinstance.myfunction(1, 2)
3
# This class doesn't have a .test member, but
# we can add one to the instance anyway. Note
# that this will only be a member of classinstance.
>>> classinstance.test = 10
>>> classinstance.test
10
异常
Python中的异常由 try-except [exceptionname] 块处理,例如:
def some_function():
try:
# Division by zero raises an exception
10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "Oops, invalid."
else:
# Exception didn't occur, we're good.
pass
finally:
# This is executed after the code block is run
# and all exceptions have been handled, even
# if a new exception is raised while handling.
print "We're done with that."
>>> some_function()
Oops, invalid.
We're done with that.
导入
外部库可以使用 import [libname] 关键字来导入。同时,你还可以用 from [libname] import [funcname] 来导入所需要的函数。例如:
import random
from time import clock
randomint = random.randint(1, 100)
>>> print randomint
64
import pickle
mylist = ["This", "is", 4, 13327]
# Open the file C:\\binary.dat for writing. The letter r before the
# filename string is used to prevent backslash escaping.
myfile = open(r"C:\\binary.dat", "w")
pickle.dump(mylist, myfile)
myfile.close()
myfile = open(r"C:\\text.txt", "w")
myfile.write("This is a sample string")
myfile.close()
myfile = open(r"C:\\text.txt")
>>> print myfile.read()
'This is a sample string'
myfile.close()
# Open the file for reading.
myfile = open(r"C:\\binary.dat")
loadedlist = pickle.load(myfile)
myfile.close()
>>> print loadedlist
['This', 'is', 4, 13327]
>>> lst1 = [1, 2, 3]
>>> lst2 = [3, 4, 5]
>>> print [x * y for x in lst1 for y in lst2]
[3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 9, 12, 15]
>>> print [x for x in lst1 if 4 > x > 1]
[2, 3]
# Check if an item has a specific property.
# "any" returns true if any item in the list is true.
>>> any([i % 3 for i in [3, 3, 4, 4, 3]])
True
# This is because 4 % 3 = 1, and 1 is true, so any()
# returns True.
# Check how many items have this property.
>>> sum(1 for i in [3, 3, 4, 4, 3] if i == 4)
2
>>> del lst1[0]
>>> print lst1
[2, 3]
>>> del lst1
number = 5
def myfunc():
# This will print 5.
print number
def anotherfunc():
# This raises an exception because the variable has not
# been bound before printing. Python knows that it an
# object will be bound to it later and creates a new, local
# object instead of accessing the global one.
print number
number = 3
def yetanotherfunc():
global number
# This will correctly change the global.
number = 3