scalaz还提供了个type class叫Validation。乍看起来跟\/没什么分别。实际上这个Validation是在\/的基础上增加了Applicative功能，就是实现了ap函数。通过Applicative实例就可以同时运算多个Validation并返回多条异常信息。所以，\/与Validation核心分别就在于Validation可以返回多条异常信息。Validation也是由两种状态组成：Success和Failure，分别与\/的left和right相对应。Failure可以返回多个值。我们先来看看Validation在scalaz里的定义：scalaz/Validation.scala
sealed abstract class Validation[+E, +A] extends Product with Serializable { ... def isSuccess: Boolean = this match { case Success(_) => true
case Failure(_) => false } /** Return `true` if this validation is failure. */ def isFailure: Boolean = !isSuccess ... /** Return the success value of this validation or the given default if failure. Alias for `|` */ def getOrElse[AA >: A](x: => AA): AA =
this match { case Failure(_) => x case Success(a) => a } /** Return the success value of this validation or the given default if failure. Alias for `getOrElse` */ def |[AA >: A](x: => AA): AA = getOrElse(x) /** Return the success value of this validation or run the given function on the failure. */ def valueOr[AA >: A](x: E => AA): AA =
this match { case Failure(a) => x(a) case Success(b) => b } /** Return this if it is a success, otherwise, return the given value. Alias for `|||` */ def orElse[EE >: E, AA >: A](x: => Validation[EE, AA]): Validation[EE, AA] =
this match { case Failure(_) => x case Success(_) => this } /** Return this if it is a success, otherwise, return the given value. Alias for `orElse` */ def |||[EE >: E, AA >: A](x: => Validation[EE, AA]): Validation[EE, AA] = orElse(x) ...
与\/非常相似，也是提供了getOrElse来获取Success[A]的A值。如果需要获取Failure[B]值则与\/一样先用swap再用getOrElse：
/** Flip the failure/success values in this validation. Alias for `unary_~` */ def swap: Validation[A, E] =
this match { case Failure(a) => Success(a) case Success(b) => Failure(b) } Success(3).getOrElse(0) //> res5: Int = 3
Success("Three").getOrElse("Everything OK!") //> res6: String = Three
Failure("Something wrong!").swap.getOrElse("Everything OK!") //> res7: String = Something wrong!
(~Failure("Something wrong!")).getOrElse("Everything OK!") //> res8: String = Something wrong!
Validation的两个状态是这样定义的：
final case class Success[A](a: A) extends Validation[Nothing, A] final case class Failure[E](e: E) extends Validation[E, Nothing]
Validation也是一个Monad，可以在for-comprehension中实现Failure立即退出功能：
1 for { 2 a <- Success(3) 3 b <- Success(2) 4 } yield a + b //> res5: scalaz.Validation[Nothing,Int] = Success(5)
5
6 val valid= for { 7 a <- Success(3) 8 c <- Failure("oh, error!"): Validation[String,Int] 9 d <- Failure("oh, error again!"): Validation[String,Int] 10 b <- Success(2) 11 } yield a + b //> valid : scalaz.Validation[String,Int] = Failure(oh, error!)
12 if (valid.isFailure) valid.swap.getOrElse("no error") 13 //> res6: Any = oh, error!
scalaz同样为所有类型值提供了注入方法：scalaz.syntax/ValidationOps.scala
final class ValidationOps[A](self: A) { def success[X]: Validation[X, A] = Validation.success[X, A](self) def successNel[X]: ValidationNel[X, A] = success def failure[X]: Validation[A, X] = Validation.failure[A, X](self) @deprecated("use `failure` instead", "7.1") def fail[X]: Validation[A, X] = failure[X] def failureNel[X]: ValidationNel[A, X