本文章目的:力求清晰明了讲解SQL语句的内连接的各种应用,没有深奥的理解!
前奏:这篇文章和下篇文章会将内连接和外连接讲解清楚
SQL语句的多表查询常用的有以下几种:
两表联合查询
(1)内连接
(2)外连接(分左外连接、右外连接)
(3)全外连接
(4)自连接
三表查询
(1)三表查询
本片讲解两表联合查询的内连接:
第一步:准备表,员工表emp,部门表dept
关联关系:员工表的“deptno”字段关联部门表的“deptno”
建表语句如下:
create table DEPT ( DEPTNO int(2) not null, DNAME VARCHAR(14), LOC VARCHAR(13) ); alter table DEPT add constraint PK_DEPT primary key (DEPTNO); create table EMP ( EMPNO int(4) primary key, ENAME VARCHAR(10), JOB VARCHAR(9), MGR int(4), HIREDATE DATE, SAL double(7,2), COMM double(7,2), DEPTNO int(2) ); alter table EMP add constraint FK_DEPTNO foreign key (DEPTNO) references DEPT (DEPTNO);
表结构如下:
插入数据:
insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK'); insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS'); insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO'); insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');
insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK'); insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS'); insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO'); insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)values (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON'); commit; insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, null, 20); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600, 300, 30); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250, 500, 30); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, null, 20); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-28', 1250, 1400, 30); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850, null, 30); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, null, 10); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-04-19', 3000, null, 20); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', null, '1981-11-17', 5000, null, 10); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-08', 1500, 0, 30); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-05-23', 1100, null, 20); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03', 950, null, 30); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, null, 20); insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO) values (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, null, 10);
第二步:讲解内连接
(1)笛卡尔积现象:(什么是笛卡尔积,在此不在讲解,如果有需要,可以留言,我再补充)
通过关键字:CROSS JOIN
优点:有助于理解多表查询
缺点:交叉连接会产生笛卡尔积,产生多条无用结果
解决方案:(1