从容器、可迭代对象谈起

　　所有的容器都是可迭代的（iterable）,迭代器提供了一个next方法。iter()返回一个迭代器，通过next()函数可以实现遍历。

def is_iterable(param):
    try: 
        iter(param) 
        return True
    except TypeError:
        return False

params = [
    1234,
    '1234',
    [1, 2, 3, 4],
    set([1, 2, 3, 4]),
    {1:1, 2:2, 3:3, 4:4},
    (1, 2, 3, 4)
]
    
for param in params:
    print('{} is iterable? {}'.format(param, is_iterable(param)))

########## 输出 ##########

# 1234 is iterable? False
# 1234 is iterable? True
# [1, 2, 3, 4] is iterable? True
# {1, 2, 3, 4} is iterable? True
# {1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4} is iterable? True
# (1, 2, 3, 4) is iterable? True

　　除了数字外,其他数据结构都是可迭代的。

生成器是什么

　　生成器是懒人版本的迭代器。例:

import os
import psutil

#显示当前 python 程序占用的内存大小
def show_memory_info(hint):
    pid = os.getpid()
    p = psutil.Process(pid)
    
    info = p.memory_full_info()
    memory = info.uss / 1024. / 1024
    print('{} memory used: {} MB'.format(hint, memory))

def test_iterator():
    show_memory_info('initing iterator')
    list_1 = [i for i in range(100000000)]
    show_memory_info('after iterator initiated')
    print(sum(list_1))
    show_memory_info('after sum called')

def test_generator():
    show_memory_info('initing generator')
    list_2 = (i for i in range(100000000))
    show_memory_info('after generator initiated')
    print(sum(list_2))
    show_memory_info('after sum called')

test_iterator()
test_generator()
%time test_iterator()
%time test_generator()

######### 输出 ##########

initing iterator memory used: 48.9765625 MB
after iterator initiated memory used: 3920.30078125 MB
4999999950000000
after sum called memory used: 3920.3046875 MB
Wall time: 17 s
initing generator memory used: 50.359375 MB
after generator initiated memory used: 50.359375 MB
4999999950000000
after sum called memory used: 50.109375 MB
Wall time: 12.5 s

　　[i for i in range(100000000)] 声明了一个迭代器，每个元素在生成后都会保存到内存中，占用了巨量的内存。(i for i in range(100000000)) 初始化了一个生成器，可以看到，生成器并不会像迭代器一样占用大量的内存，相比于 test_iterator()，test_generator()函数节省了一次生成一亿个元素的过程。在调用next()的时候，才会生成下一个变量.

生成器能玩啥花样

　　数学中有一个恒等式，(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)^2 = 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + ... + n^3，用以下代码表达

def generator(k):
    i = 1
    while True:
        yield i ** k
        i += 1

gen_1 = generator(1)
gen_3 = generator(3)
print(gen_1)
print(gen_3)

def get_sum(n):
    sum_1, sum_3 = 0, 0
    for i in range(n):
        next_1 = next(gen_1)
        next_3 = next(gen_3)
        print('next_1 = {}, next_3 = {}'.format(next_1, next_3))
        sum_1 += next_1
        sum_3 += next_3
    print(sum_1 * sum_1, sum_3)

get_sum(8)

########## 输出 ##########

# <generator object generator at 0x000001E70651C4F8>
# <generator object generator at 0x000001E70651C390>
# next_1 = 1, next_3 = 1
# next_1 = 2, next_3 = 8
# next_1 = 3, next_3 = 27
# next_1 = 4, next_3 = 64
# next_1 = 5, next_3 = 125
# next_1 = 6, next_3 = 216
# next_1 = 7, next_3 = 343
# next_1 = 8, next_3 = 512
# 1296 1296

　　generator()这个函数，它返回了一个生成器，当运行到yield i ** k时，暂停并把i ** k作为next()的返回值。每次调用next(gen)时，暂停的程序会启动并往下执行，而且i的值也会被记住，继续累加，最后next_1为8，next_3为512.

　　仔细查看这个示例，发现迭代器是一个有限集合，生成器则可以成为一个无限集。调用next()，生成器根据运算会自动生成新的元素，然后返回给你，非常便捷。

　　再来看一个问题：给定一个list和一个指定数字，求这个数字在list中的位置:

#常规写法
def index_normal(L, target):
    result = []
    for i, num in enumerate(L):
        if num == target:
            result.append(i)
    return result

print(index_normal([1, 6, 2, 4, 5, 2, 8, 6, 3, 2], 2))

########## 输出 ##########

[2, 5, 9]