(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronisation, clock etc.

Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.

(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.

Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called “triple X”

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology – linear bus.

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.

baud rate = bit rate / N

where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.

a) Guided Media: