|
1,'2009-03-01'),
(1,'2009-04-01');
alter table buy_log add key(userid);
alter table buy_log add key(userid,buy_date);
#===========验证==============
mysql> show create table buy_log;
| buy_log | CREATE TABLE `buy_log` (
`userid` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
`buy_date` date DEFAULT NULL,
KEY `userid` (`userid`),
KEY `userid_2` (`userid`,`buy_date`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
#可以看到possible_keys在这里有两个索引可以用，分别是单个索引userid与联合索引userid_2,但是优化器最终选择了使用的key是userid因为该索引的叶子节点包含单个键值，所以理论上一个页能存放的记录应该更多
mysql> explain select * from buy_log where userid=2;
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+--------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+--------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | buy_log | ref | userid,userid_2 | userid | 4 | const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+--------+---------+-------+------+-------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
#接着假定要取出userid为1的最近3次的购买记录，用的就是联合索引userid_2了，因为在这个索引中，在userid=1的情况下，buy_date都已经排序好了
mysql> explain select * from buy_log where userid=1 order by buy_date desc limit 3;
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | buy_log | ref | userid,userid_2 | userid_2 | 4 | const | 4 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+----------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
#ps：如果extra的排序显示是Using filesort，则意味着在查出数据后需要二次排序(如下查询语句，没有先用where userid=3先定位范围，于是即便命中索引也没用，需要二次排序)
mysql> explain select * from buy_log order by buy_date desc limit 3;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | buy_log | index | NULL | userid_2 | 8 | NULL | 7 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------+
#对于联合索引（a,b）,下述语句可以直接使用该索引，无需二次排序
select ... from table where a=xxx order by b;
#然后对于联合索引(a,b,c)来首，下列语句同样可以直接通过索引得到结果
select ... from table where a=xxx order by b;
select ... from table where a=xxx and b=xxx order by c;
#但是对于联合索引(a,b,c)，下列语句不能通过索引直接得到结果，还需要自己执行一次filesort操作，因为索引（a，c)并未排序
select ... from table where a=xxx order by c;
View Code
2，覆盖索引
上面讲了，利用辅助索引拿到辅助索引对应字段的值，不需要从聚集索引中拿整行数据的操作叫覆盖索引。辅助索引不包含整行数据，其大小远小于聚集索引，因此减少大量的IO操作。
2.1对于统计问题而言，相较于聚集索引，还是会选择辅助索引，这是优化器的操作结果
mysql> explain select count(*) from buy_log;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+--- |